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sodium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Nanopowder Through sol-Gel Method: Synthesis and Characterization
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

The nanocrystalline HA powders were produced through sol-gel method which employed calcium nitrate tetrahydrate [Ca(NO3)2.4H2O] and diammonium hydrogen phosphate [(NH4)2HPO4] as calcium and phosphorous precursors. Sodium ion (Na+) is one of the trace elements found in biological apatite and believed to have important effect in its performance. The

Qualitative Research : Data Collection & Data Analysis Techniques
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

This book starts off with Chapter 1 which introduces us to qualitative research, an approach that does not deal with numbers per se, but, has guidelines and a systematic approach within a theoretical framework or design. The chapter also discusses the characteristics of qualitative research; and the differences between qualitative and quantitative

Issues in location-Based Multicast Routing in Manets
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are an autonomous system of a set of mobile nodes connected by shared wireless links, forming a temporary network without relying on any infrastructure. MANETs characteristics include self-organizing, self-configuring, multihop communication, continuous mobility and strict resource limitation. These characteristics c

Classifications of Multicast Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

Multicasting is a useful communication scheme that facilitates group communication. Multicasting can improve the efficiency of the wireless link when sending multiple copies of messages. Multicast is a relatively unexplored research area, when it is compared with Unicast [I]. Over the past few years, several multicast routing protocols have been pr

Fraudulent Financial Reporting in Malaysia: a Basic Analysis
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

For the past decade, little had been discussed on the much taboo subject among companies, as the consequences are massive either legally, financially, and morally. It is important to distinguish between error and fraud, as error is an unintentional mistake in financial statements. However, fraud is said to occur with intention in order to conceal o

Audit Committee Expertise and Financial Reporting Quality: an Empirical Study in Malaysia
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

Since Sarbanes Oxley Act 2002, there has been growing interest in the research concerning audit committee expertise. Audit committee plays an important role on the quality and credibility of financial reporting, since they effectively function as a governance mechanism. Whilst, many studies have examined the attributes of audit committee financial

Empire and Nation: Political Ideas in Rabindranath Tagore's Travel Writings
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

An investigative discussion of Rabindranath Tagore's political philosophy in his travel writings, especially with regard to his vision of the twin ideologies of Empire and Nation.

An Efficient Approach of Secure Group Association Management in Densely Deployed Heterogeneous Distributed Sensor Network
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

A heterogeneous distributed sensor network (HDSN) is a type of distributed sensor network where sensors with different deployment groups and different functional types participate at the same time. In other words, the sensors are divided into different deployment groups according to different types of data transmissions, but they cooperate with eac

Three Ways of Conceptualizing the Global: the Universal, the Holistic and the macrocosmic-Commentary Isham B. Pawan Ahmad, Malaysia, Page 97-98
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

Commentary Isham B. Pawan Ahmad, Malaysia Philip Cam’s reexamination on the ways of conceptualizing the global from a philosophical perspective through analyzing three cognates with the global: the universal, the holistic and the macrocosmic is extremely thought provoking. Cam’s attempt to evaluate what most see as a contemporary economic devel

Security Management in Heterogeneous Distributed Sensor Networks
Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only

A Heterogeneous Distributed Sensor Network (HDSN) is a type of distributed sensor network where sensors with different functional types participate at the same time. In this sensor network model, the sensors are associated with different deployment groups but they cooperate with each other within and out of their respective groups. The heterogeneit

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