Research Output | Dar Al-hikmah Library | IIUM Only
Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinomas are rare tumors. They account for 5 to 7% of the urothelial tumors with renal pelvic lesions representing the majority. The disease is rarely seen under the age of 50. Smoking, occupational carcinogens, analgesic abuse, Balkan nephropathy are the risk factors. Approximately 20 to 50% of patients with