Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique is the earliest developed technique in watermarking and it is also the most simple, direct and common technique. It essentially involves embedding the watermark by replacing the least significant bit of the image data with a bit of the watermark data. The disadvantage of LSB is that it is not robust against att

This paper presents a novel, principled approach to resolve the remained problems of substitution technique of audio steganography. Using the proposed genetic algorithm, message bits are embedded into multiple, vague and higher LSB layers, resulting in increased robustness. The robustness specially would be increased against those intentional attac

The switchable multiwavelength fiber laser (SMWLSs) using AWG and broadband FBG with tuning range 11.7 nm and 0.75 nm spacing are demonstrated. The switchable lasers for every channel shows flatness output power with variation 3.7 dBm and peak power around 6.1 dBm. The side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of the laser is significantly improved for ev

This book discusses the policies of several core states of the Arab regional system, Syria, Egypt and Saudi Arabia, during 2001 and 2005, that were spurred by the demands and suggestions emphasized in the political discourse of George W. Bush, the President of the United States during the period of the investigation. This study attempts to explain

Buku ini menghuraikan kaedah-kaedah asas gabuhan perkataan yang melibatkan katakerja-kata kerja bahasa Arab. Kecekapan mengaplikasi kaedah-kaedah ini merupakan pra-syarat penguasaan bahasa Arab. Kecekapan aplikasi bergantung kepada tahap pemahaman pelajar, dan buku ini cuba memudahkan proses pemahaman tersebut dengan menyajikan cara huraian kaedah-

The research explores the human-related problems encountered in the implementation of quality management in building construction projects in the context of Malaysian construction industry. Survey samples were drawn from the construction organizations of G5, G6, and G7 registered with the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia. Res

Lip 42 lipase, isolated from Bacillus sp. strain 42 was previously shown to be stable in polar organic solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Stabilities in different solvent compositions were studied based on 400C pre incubation in solvent, and the purified lipase was shown to retain at least 100% residual activity in up to 45% v/v DMSO. In 60

System identification in vibrating environments has been a matter of concern for researchers in many disciplines of science and engineering. In this paper, a sound approach for a Twin Rotor Multi-input Multi-Output System (TRMS) parametric modeling is proposed based on dynamic spread factor particle swarm optimization. Particle swarm optimization (

A retrospective study was conducted to investigate 183 serologically-confirmed cases of dengue fever (DF) admitted from October 2004 to March 2005 in a large hospital in Pahang. Clinical and laboratory features, progress and outcome of these patients were analysed in order to identify risk factors associated with development of dengue haemorrhagic

The concern for and the debate on “objectivity” in the scientific study of religions led scholars to advocate two major approaches known as “History of Religion” and “Phenomenology of Religion.” Both approaches are claimed to be “descriptive” and “value-free” as they stringently enforce the principle of epochê or distanciation