This paper presents the development of new Sylvester equations for both continuous and discrete time linear SISO and symmetric MIMO systems in order to obtain the time interval cross gramian matrices which have time interval controllability and observability information contained in a single matrix. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate th
High-quality fish oil for human consumption requires low levels of toxic elements. The aim of this study was to compare different oil extraction methods to identify the most efficient method for extracting fish oil of high quality with the least contamination. The methods used in this study were Soxhlet extraction, enzymatic extraction, wet reducti
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a revolutionary digital modulation technique which known as a next generation of wireless communication 5th Generation. OFDM supports high speed data rate and multi user technique where it can accommodate large number of users showing spectral efficiency to meet the fast growing demands for bette
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have recently emerged as a new generation of ionic liquids for lignocellulose pretreatment. However, DESs contain salt components which tend to inactivate cellulase in the subsequent saccharification process. To alleviate this problem, it is necessary to evaluate the applicability of the DESs–Cellulase system. This w
Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that enables computers and other devices to communicate using a RF signal enabling a lot of advanced applications to provide services. Nowadays, Wi-Fi signal coverage is almost a must in any office building or small office home office (SOHO) environment. Home and office networking concept involves the use o
Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that enables computers and other devices to communicate using a RF signal enabling a lot of advanced applications to provide services. Nowadays, Wi-Fi signal coverage is almost a must in any office building or small office home office (SOHO) environment. Home and office networking concept involves the use o
Atmospheric pressure plasma is type of plasma that doesn’t need low-pressure apparatus system. Compared to other procedure in generating atmospheric pressure plasma jet, the application of the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) is comparatively simple. However, the details regarding the electric discharge properties and active species’ forming
Religion plays an imperial role in the ever-changing healthcare system of Malaysia. The Malaysian, being a multi-racial society, has to adapt and accommodate various practices of religion from different cultural and religious backgrounds. It is this diversity that demands the understanding of the different ideology of faith a necessity to the healt
The current Islamic banking model which is based on the concept of commercial banking has been criticised as too rigid and not conducive towards achieving the objectives of an Islamic economy. This paper aims to evaluate the suitability of the cooperative model as an alternative to the commercial banking model and to discern whether the values of c
