Mobile networks have been quickly adopted by many companies and individuals. However, multiple factors such as mobility and limited resources often constrain availability and thus cause instability of the wireless environment. Such instability poses serious challenge for fault tolerant distributed mobile applications. Therefore, the classical check

This paper proposes an efficient non-blocking coordinated checkpointing algorithm for distributed message passing system which uses transitive dependency information. The processes synchronize their checkpointing activities so that a globally consistent set of checkpoints is always maintained in the system. These algorithms do not require channels

An incomplete contract is a contract that fails to state all the parties’ rights and obligations, has gaps, missing provisions, and ambiguities in its terms and conditions. In theory, complete contracts cannot be achieved, and many contracts inevitably remained incomplete. This also applies to Private Finance Initiative (PFI) contracts. Human fac

This study explores the feasibility of applying the object-oriented Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model to MARC-based bibliographic records on the Al-Quran. Based on the content analysis of 127 MARC-based bibliographic records on Al-Quran from the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) OPAC system, this paper re

Research has established that being in green elements in the landscape affect health and well-being. This paper presents the findings whether neighborhood green infrastructure (GI) in a community’s living environment is an underlying mechanism for urban residents’ self-perceived health. To study this, we seek residents’ participations through

VG is greenery where plants can be grown on, up, or against internal or external walls of buildings or as freestanding structures. PA is a structure or form that contains an artistic expression. It is placed in a freely accessible public space for people to view. VG has gained tremendous popularity in recent years, and this offers an opportunity to

Key management in wireless sensor network (WSN) includes two important aspects namely key distribution, which constitutes the task of distributing secret keys to nodes in the network, and key revocation, which refers to the task of securely withdrawing the key information relating to any compromised node or because of tactical reasons. While in the

The term Salafism refers to an interpretation of Islam that seeks to restore Islamic faith and practice to the way they existed at the time of Prophet Muhammad and the early generations of his followers. Since this early period represented the golden age of Islam in its pure form, Salafis believe it should be the example followed by all Muslims tod

The subject of relationship between religion and economy raises many issues. It touches the originality of religion and economy and their nature of relationship including their independence and dependence. Western scholarship on the subject has useful insights for the Muslim policy makers on religion based economy. This research undertakes Marx and

Waste minimization plays an important role in sustainable industrial waste management. It is the most effective method in controlling waste arising. There are some common factors contribute in effective practicing of waste minimization in both developing and developed countries. This study examines and compares the most important solutions and appr