تتناول هذه الدراسة الأسس المنطقية التي ينبغي أن تبنى عليها الترجمة الآلية لأية لغة طبيعية (Machine Translation) ، مع تطبيق تلك الأسس على واقع اللغة العربية، فأية آلية ناجحة للترجمة ينبغي ألا يقتصر اعتم�

The FeCl(3)-promoted oxidative cyclization/coupling of acetamidostilbenes possessing 3-methoxy, 4-methoxy and 3,5-methoxy substitutions (21), (22) and (23) is described. Only 3,5-substitution gave rise to novel indolostilbenes, each possessing two stereogenic axes (axially chiral but racemic dimers (39) and (40)). The 4-methoxy substituted acetamid

The cytocompatibility of novel chitosan derivative sheets and pastes were evaluated in vitro for possible utilization in wound dressing applications for wound healing. In this study, the cytotoxicity of oligochitosan (O-C), N,O-carboxymethyl-chitosan (NO-CMC) and N- carboxymethyl-chitosan (N-CMC) derivatives in sheet like and paste forms were evalu

In this paper we propose and characterize a bi-directional Depressed-Cladding Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifier (DC-EDFA) for Continuous Wave (CW) S-band operation. The system uses a Depressed-Cladding Erbium Doped Fibre (DC-EDF) as the gain medium and 3-port OCs to facilitate bi-directional transmission. The performances of gain and noise figure are fi

In electrical discharge machining (EDM), material is removed by a series of electrical discharge between the electrode (tool) and the workpiece that develops a temperature of about 8,0000C to 12,0000C. Due to high temperature of the sparks, work material is melted and vapourized, at the same time the electrode material is also eroded by melting and

In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a stable Brillouin–Erbium Fibre Laser (BEFL) capable of generating up to 17 lasing wavelengths in the ShortWave length (Sband) region. The proposed setup uses a 7.7 km Dispersion Compensating Fibre (DCF) to act as a nonlinear gain medium and a 30 m long DepressedCladding Erbium Doped Fibre (DCEDF) as an o

In this paper, we propose and demonstrated a dual wavelength fiber laser (DWFL) based on the use of an erbium doped fiber (EDF) gain medium as well as an 1 24 Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) together with two optical channel selectors (OCS) to provide channel spacing tunability. The output power of the two wavelengths is equalized by controlling th

A compact switchable multiwavelength fibre laser (SWFL) is proposed and demonstrated using a bismuth based erbium doped fibre amplifier (Bi-EDFA) and a Sagnac loop mirror (SLM) in a ring cavity. The proposed compact SWFL can generate up to 6 switchable wavelengths with an average peak power of 11 dBm and also shows good stability over time with a h

ISO 13779-1:2008 specifies requirements for ceramic hydroxyapatite intended for use as surgical implants. It applies to hydroxyapatite blocks. ISO 13779-1:2008 does not apply to hydroxyapatite coatings, hydroxyapatite powder or nanoparticle-type and calcium phosphate ceramics which are not mainly composed of crystalline hydroxyapatite.MS ISO 13779-

This Malaysian Standard specifies test methods for measurement of the adhesion strength of hydroxyapatite coatings intended for use on components of surgical implants.