This paper aims to explain an important element that should be avoided in business dealings for them to be permissible. The interest to conduct this research was sparked by a fatwah given by some contemporary scholars. The fatwah says that Riba al-Fadhl does not exist in currency exchange, which inspired the selection of this topic. The objective o

Abstract— In this paper we consider the problem of increasing the throughput of cognitive radio in a cognitive radio network by forming coalitions among cognitive radio users. Recently there have been numerous studies exploring the benefits of the cooperation in a cognitive radio network. The cooperation tends to increase the spectrum sensing per

Orthodontic treatment is becoming increasingly popular. Having straight teeth, and a nice smile, is seen as one of the key to a better quality of life. We found that patients seeking orthodontic treatment normally do not have a thorough understanding of the process. They only picture the result at the end of treatment, but are unaware of the hard w

The course of recovery in children post injury remains unclear despite recent focus on quality of life (QOL) and func<onal outcomes following trauma. There is a need for accurate assessment of the impact and course of such injuries on a child’s func<onal status and perceived well-being. Determining when and whether or not func<onal ou

Spray drying is an important method in the food industry for the production of encapsulated oil to improve the handling and flow properties of the powder. In this study, the effect of mixture of polymers on the encapsulation of fish oil by spray drying was investigated. Fish oil powder were produced using different ratios of mixtures of hydroxyprop

This study evaluates the level of cognitive engagement in English class among secondary school students of International Islamic School in Gombak, Malaysia. Specifically, the objective of this research is to appraise the students' commitments in English class by observing their level of cognitive engagement, which can be deep or shallow; and th

The objective of this study was to investigate the fungi growth on fabricated rattan board under 12 weeks’ exposure in natural weathering. The rattan powder was pressed using a hot-press machine to be turned into rattan boards and they were placed on a 45oC inclined rack at an open area. Longer exposure time resulted in occurrences of more surfac

Four types of soy sauce which are widely consumed and commercially available in Southeast Asia, namely sweet, salty, light and dark soy sauce were discriminated. A comprehensive chemical profiling such as sodium chloride, sugars, organic acids,total nitrogen and free amino acids were determined. The sensory attributes were determined using the Quan

Silver-silica nanocomposites (Ag-SiO2NCs), with unique properties such as highly resonant particle plasmons, conductivity and potential applications in optics and various nanoelectronics are very attractive materials for sensing probes in biotechnology. Ag-SiO2NCs with various compositions were synthesized through sol-gel technique. The morphology,

The possibility of producing phosphate based glasses (PBG) with tailored degradation profile allows for unique utilisation in biomedical application. Various compositions in the phosphate based glass (PBG) system of (50-x)P2O5-40Ca-(5+x)Na-5TiO2 and (50-x)P2O5-40Ca-(5+x)Na-5Fe2O3, where x= 5 and 10 were prepared and characterised. Method as differe