This study involved the pharmacognostical evaluation of sirih melayu (Piper beetle L.) and a variety of mas cotek (Ficus deltoidea var. kuntsleri (King) Corner. The pharmacognostical approaches used include macroscopical and microscopical examination of the herbs. A method combining thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis and bioautographic assay

Phytase gene obtained from Bacillus subtilis ASUIA243 was cloned into a medium vector and transformed into E. coli. Restriction enzyme digestion was conducted to get blunt-ended phytase gene and ligated into the Pichia expression vector, pPICZαA. The recombinant vector, pPICZαA-243HPp was then linearized with PmeI and transformed into P. pastoris

Common Donax (Donax grandis) is in a family of marantaceae and widely distributed in South East Asia region. Phytochemical constituents in different parts of the plant (leaves, fruits, stems and roots) were extracted by soxhlet extractions using hexane,dichloromethane, methanol and water. Methanolic extract showed the highest yield of crude extract

This paper discusses the microfabrication of microholes using focused ion beam and investigation of geometrical integrity of microholes. Different combination of aperture size, probe current, acceleration voltage was applied for micromachining and optimized based on taper angle. Microholes with 3.0 μm of diameter were milled according to the optim

Ancient Greek philosophers make a great contribution to the history of chemistry and the knowledge has been passed into the domain of the Islamic scholars. During that time, the Greeks did not yet make any distinction between alchemy and any ofthe other natural sciences, instead merging it together with their philosophical and religious beliefs. Ne

The objective of this chapter is to explain about the progression of urology that had been made by Ibn al-Nafis, one of the well-known Muslim physicians. Urology is another branch of medicine that based on the treatment of disorders and diseases related to male and female genito-urinary organs including the kidney, ureters, bladder, prostate and ge

The objective of this chapter is to explain the concept of spherical earth and the data used is collected from reliable sources. The technique of Eratosthenes was used to measure the circumference of the earth, 200 years before Al Biruni. However, this chapter investigates the method used by AI-Biruni to find the earth's circumference and this

Herbs has long been traditionally proved as effective remedies in preventing and treating various microbial infectious diseases, such as ringworm, Athlete's foot, nail infections, scalp infections, vaginal and oral infections. The successful experience of using herbs as antimicrobial agents has been shared throughout generations and has guided

Various 4-oxygenated and 2-substituted 4-quinolone alkaloids with diverse structural types have been isolated and were found unique to the Rutaceae plant family. Some of these alkaloids have been demonstrated to have promising antimicrobial activity. These alkaloids possess chromophore with some structural similarities to that of the pharmacophore

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most widely used photocatalyst and has been applied for water and air purification and disinfection of microorganism. Anatase structured TiO2 is a wide bandgap (3.2 eV) semiconductor which, under UV light, is able to degrade chemicals and cell components of microorganisms. In this study, TiO2 nanopowder photocatalyst