Al-Sha¯fi’ı¯ (d. 204/820) has been unreservedly credited as one of the designers, if not the “master architect,” of uṣūl al-fiqh (Principles of Islamic jurisprudence). His most important scholarly work, Al-Risa¯lah (The Epistle), clearly demonstrates his cognitive creativity in this field. One of the methodologies for the decision of c

In smart environment, making a location-aware personal computing working accurately is a way of getting close to the pervasive computing vision. The best candidate to determine a user location in indoor environment is by using IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) signals, since it is more and more widely available and installed on most mobile devices used by users.

The development of a public market in the city planning is pivotal in supporting the growth of the local economy. The market is also a place where the culture of the locals evolves daily. However, the unique qualities of the market are vulnerable to the redevelopment process. This study examines the cultural aspects of Pasar Payang in Terengganu, M

With widespread Internet usage, e-commerce became common way of conducting business. Money transactions and payments online are an ever increasing trend. Unfortunately, problems in terms of security arise as well. Most of the potential consumers choose to abstain from online money transfer due to the privacy concerns. In order to strengthen the tru

This paper discusses the problems in GPS based tracking system for walking pedestrian; these include the connectivity, map size and accuracy problems. These are the important factors affecting functionality of the GPS tracking system itself. The aim of this work is on how to setup an optimal connectivity, reducing map size of user location and to m

The explorations of public art in cities and communities have received growing attention from artists, designers and the public. Graffiti is a type of public art that is often associated with a medium of creative expression in the public space. Today, graffiti with religious, cultural, political and environmental themes are visible on the walls and

To increase the accuracy of Location-aware personal computing application, multi-observers of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) signals can be used to track indoor user location. Even-though Wi-Fi is more and more widely available on most mobile devices, unfortunately, because of the reflection, refraction, temperature, humidity and the dynamic changing in the e

The widespread of Internet usage has resulted in a greater number and variety of applications involving different types of private information. In order to diminish privacy concerns and strengthen user trust, security improvements in terms of authentication are necessary. The solutions need to be convenient, entailing ease of use and higher mobilit

Multiradio wireless mesh network is a promising architecture that improves the network capacity by exploiting multiple radio channels concurrently. Channel assignment and routing are underlying challenges in multiradio architectures since both determine the traffic distribution over links and channels. The interdependency between channel assignment

Urban squares are a type of public open space that cater for various activities for the public, such as for events and leisure. The activities in the square are not only contributed by annual events and celebrations, but also daily and weekly informal activities of visitors and tourists, such as leisure strolls, gathering, night picnicking and othe