NEMO BSP is an upgraded addition to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). As MIPv6 and its enhancements (i.e. HMIPv6) possess some limitations like higher handoff latency, packet loss, NEMO BSP also faces all these shortcomings by inheritance. Network Mobility (NEMO) is involved to handle the movement of Mobile Router (MR) and it’s Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) dur

While the spectrum growth is expected to increase exponentially in the future years to come, the imminent query would be as whether the current spectrum management process is capable of fulfilling all future requirements. Public interest in the potential health issues relating to cellular or mobile communication base station (BS) and other radio co

Rain attenuated Ku-band beacon signal from Malaysia’s MEASAT satellite was compared with various ITU-R prediction models in the attempt to identify the best applicable technique. The preliminary findings indicate that ITU-R P.618-5 is the best ITU-R model since it offers good estimations that almost comparable to the measured attenuation values.

Attenuation due to rain is a critical constraint in the design of Earth-space links especially at frequencies higher than 10 GHz. Rain attenuation prediction models proposed by ITU-R were reported to offer good estimation for temperate regions but a number of studies reveal that it severely underestimates the concerned signal in the tropics. The st

Patents play a vital role in facilitating the creation of inventions to improve human life through the development of new medicines, medical products and equipment. Despite that patents have often been accused of being anti development especially in the context of patented drugs. Patented drugs are mostly more expensive than generic drugs and thus

In recent years, supply chain management (SCM) has been developed as essential management philosophy and practice for all business operations. As with other business management principles, SCM also applies to the textile and apparel industries. All the parties or members should cooperate with its downstream customers and upstream suppliers to achie

An effective human resource management is crucial for every organization’s success. The main purpose of human resource management is to ensure that an organization achieves the optimal level of benefits from its employees while at the same time giving them the material and psychological rewards for their accomplishment. In view of the ever-changi

Abstract Before independence, the British promoted a Malay vernacular education with some form of Islamic education. This gave rise to what is popularly known as the dichotomy of education into secular and religious streams. The Malaysian government later made an effort for the reintroduction of Islamic education and in the 1970s implemented the Ne

In an era of globalization and competitiveness, employers are looking for versatile graduates who are able to drive their organizations to compete successfully in the market. Now-a-days, obtaining a good degree is no longer sufficient for getting a job. Graduates should equip themselves, not only with technical skills, but more importantly with sof

The conventional electricity grids, which are supposed to supply the electricity to the plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), need to adapt to overcome the problems of reliability, security, economics and environmental concerns. Accordingly, electric utilities in several countries are exploring the possibilities of implementing more robust inte