The First War of Independence (1857) was a key turning point in the colonial history of the Indian Subcontinent and marked a profound change in the life and governance of India. Following the violent suppression of the revolution, India was incorporated directly into the British Empire, introducing a secular colonial administration that marginalise

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is a relatively new research area to improve spectral efficiency of wireless communication. Nowadays, the concept of commercial CRN (i.e., existence of primary and secondary users in licensed bands) is gaining popularity in wireless communication research. In fact, scarcity of bandwidth due to large number of wireless

Wireless communication service providers are currently facing challenges due to the congested frequencies spectrum which has imposed the use of higher and higher frequencies. However, higher frequency bands are more sensitive to weather condition and the microwave signal attenuation due to atmospheric particles increases rapidly at higher frequency

Saudi Arabia is endowed with abundant solar energy which is readily available from the sun. Solar energy is one of main renewable energy sources and it can be harnessed for an array of applications including heating, cooling and generation of electricity. Due to its hot climate and relatively high purchasing power capability of the general populati

Rain is the major challenge to design reliable earth to satellite microwave link at higher frequencies in tropical regions. Site diversity is one of the techniques used to mitigate this problem. Hodge Site Diversity Gain Model, ITU-R Site Diversity Gain Model and ITU-R Diversity Improvement Factor Model are analyzed based on rainfall data measured

Filtration behavior is influenced by particle settling in a slurry. In a downward filtration, an additional cake derived from settling particles increases filtration resistance. In an upward filtration, on the other hand, the particle settling leads to dilute the slurry near the filter medium, resulting in a decrease of filtration resistance. Irita

The birth of people with confused or ambiguous sex makeup as a biological fact since the annals of history has posed the challenge of accommodating them within the binary gender of sociocultural systems. In this process, the role of religion as a defining factor in social engineering has been paramount. Major religions, such as Islam and Christiani

Reproductive medical technology has revolutionized the natural order of human procreation. Accordingly, some have celebrated its advent as a new and liberating determinant of kinship at the global level and advocate it as a right to reproductive health while others have frowned upon it as a vehicle for “guiltless exchange of sexual fluid” and c

Background: Nusantara or the Malay Archipelago is the general term used to refer to the populace of Malays living in many parts of Southeast Asia, stretching from Vietnam, Cambodia, to Southern Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and Southern Philippines. Objective: This paper attempts to shed light on the history and challenges the Ma

The ancient maritime trading links enabled by the seasonal monsoons between East Africa and China, via the Arabian, Indian and Southeast Asian ports, have played an important but overlooked role in the history of human civilization. The coastal regions of the Indian Ocean represent a cosmopolitan blend of social and cultural diversity enriched main