In this project, the aim is to produce polylactic acid from kenaf fibre biomass through fermentation. Kenaf fibre is found to be naturally resistant to breakdown due to its structural sugars since it is a lignocellulosic material. Hence, it is difficult for microorganisms to use it directly as fermentation carbon source. Kenaf was underwent several

The design and development research, first proposed by Brown and Collins in the 1990s, is currently among the well-known methods in educational research to test theory and validate its practicality. The method is also known as developmental research, design research, design-based research, formative research and design-cased and possesses conceptua

Air travel is the fastest growing mode of transportation, becoming ever more popular and frequent. The growing pervasiveness of air travel can be seen by airport infrastructure upgrading and the increasing numbers of airports today. The majority of aircraft need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and fo

Air transportation has become the fastest growing mode of transportation in adapting with the transportation facilities and services provided. The developments of air transportation have surrounded with the introduction of much larger transport aircraft and rising airport infrastructure upgrading nowadays. Due to the increasing importance of enlarg

In Malaysia, the provision of road and highway traffic signage on public roads has been regulated by the Department of Works and Departments of Road Transport Acts, Rules and Regulations. Many studies have concentrated on the responses and impacts of these types of signage. However, in many other private roads which are not regulated under these Ac

The design and development research, first proposed by Brown and Collins in the 1990s, is currently among the well-known methods in educational research to test theory and validate its practicality. The method is also known as developmental research, design research, design-based research, formative research and design-cased and possesses conceptua

Arabic vocabulary learning is in dire need for additional teaching and learning aids, especially with the integration of advanced multimedia application such as digital or online games. This article reports on the findings of a study on the implementation of an online Arabic vocabulary learning games prototype among teenage learners in the Centre f

This innovation features a virtual Arabic learning tool prototype, which is specifically designed for learners at primary schools in Malaysia. The innovative process begun with the literature analysis of 3 theories based on the work of Nation (2003), Prensky (2001) and Mayer (2001). The design and development of this game-based learning prototype a

This paper describes the design and development process of an online Arabic vocabulary games learning prototype for elementary learners at the Centre for Foundation Studies (CFS), International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The effort to produce this learning prototype is an attempt to integrate game-based learning in an online environment, t

Educational games have been among teaching and learning aids in many disciplines of knowledge. The games are varying between traditional non-computer games computer or digital games. Every mode of educational games has its own history of existing, design and development frameworks, related learning theories, evaluation frameworks, development tools