Volatility function technique by using interpolation approach plays an important role in extracting the risk-neutral density (RND) of options. The aim of this study is to compare the performances of two interpolation approaches namely smoothing spline and fourth order polynomial in extracting the RND. The implied volatility of options with respect

A new naturally occurring dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan named isocubebinic ether has been isolated from Knema patentinervia. The structure was established by spectroscopic methods, which include Ultraviolet, Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry. The compound showed activity in the stimulation of glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 adipocy

This paper offers a new perspective on the cultural relations between Arab Muslims of the East and Christians of the West, in medieval Iberia, (known as al-Andalus by the Muslims) from 711 to 1031 C.E; identifying the benefits that emerged from such relations. Evidence was extracted from primary historical sources, including the travel writings of

Literature has shown that boys are underachieving in educational performance; they are becoming more and more disengaged with learning; and their retention rates in schools have dropped considerably. Though the problem of underachievement and disengagement with learning is largely associated with boys, not all boys are underachieving or disengaged

PURPOSE Parents’ involvement in children’s education and academic achievement is undeniable. Parental involvement does not have one universal definition and it is not only limited to activities conducted at home. It includes home-based activities, school-based activities as well as parents’ aspiration toward their children’s education. In C

Recent water scarcity in Malaysia has raised an issue about the abundant supply of freshwater in the country. A water purification method like Membrane Distillation (MD) can be a wonderful solution to be utilized to deal with this immediate unpredictable water scarcity issues. MD is an ambient pressure process which works mostly below a temperature

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Free space fading for satellite link propagation studies in the equatorial regions are indeed particularly scarce, complicated and expensive to venture upon. Most of satellite propagation studies done in temperate climate are not reasonable for countries in the equatorial region due to its huge climate differences. In equatorial regions, the future

Background: Stress is psychological unpleasant, but one of the most assessed life experiences among people worldwide. Stress is believed to affect eating behavior, blood glucose level, cholesterol level and obesity. Sleep is a fundamental biologic function and is essential for human functioning and well-being. Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Option prices contain crucial information that can be used as a reflection of future development of an underlying assets’ price. The main objective of this study is to extract the risk-neutral density (RND) and the risk- world density (RWD) of option prices. A volatility function technique is applied by using a fourth order polynomial interpolati