Malaysian Journal of Library & Information Science, Vol. 3 0, no. 2 , August , 2025: 1-21 https://doi.org/10.22452/mjlis.vol30no 2.1 Page 1 Embracing open science: understanding data sharing practices, benefits, and challenges at the Malaysian National Institutes of Health Mahfooz Ahmed1,3*, Roslina Othman1, Muhd Zulfadli Hafiz Ismail2, Adamu A