Multicasting communication serves as one critical operation to support many applications of Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANETs) that achieve group communication rather than pairs of individuals. Multicast routing protocols becomes increasingly important in MANETs because they effectively coordinate a set of nodes. Also, it provides efficient routing fo

CGAs are cryptographically generated IPv6 addresses and are one of the most novel features introduced in IPv6. They have the promising potential of being the basis of authentication mechanisms for Mobile IPv6 because they do not require hosts to share information or security infrastructure. A mobile environment however has several resource constrai

Taxonomic identification of organisms is the first and the most critical step in any research involving organisms. Four marine sponges collected from two different sites were identified based on their morphology, skeleton, and spicules characteristics. The description of each species was compared with the source description of sponges to identify t

Introduces the various items in the issue and provides an overview of its objectives and scope.ASIATIC, VOLUME 5, NUMBER 2, DECEMBER 20 11 Asiatic, Vol. 5, No. 2, December 2011 1 Editorial This is the first special issue of Asiatic , and given the journal’s “home” in Malaysia it is undoubtedly appropriate to have the first special issue on So

The rapid growth of multicast communications has lead to wide use of the Internet for both individual and commercial distributed applications. Multicast communication is defined as an efficient way to distribute rich media to multiple users or participants simultaneously over the Internet. This is efficient in many applications including Internet v

MANETs are considered for many commercial applications, including home networks,nomadic computing, community networks and emergency response networks. Also, there are many applications of MANETs that involve point-to-multipoint or multipoint-to-multipoint communication patterns. Disaster recovery, search and rescue, military applications, videoconf

Language learning is a lifelong endeavor. Learners have to work within and beyond the classroom to develop their language skills. Hence, enhancing learners’ autonomy has become a key concern for language teachers as it is seen as a means to help learners in directing their own learning process. However, its relevance is sometimes questioned, as i

The conciliatory bodies appointed under section 106 of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) 1976 Act are not effective while, the existing legal provisions concerning reconciliation process are not adequate to reconcile the matrimonial disputes of non-Muslims. This paper starts with the interpretation on descriptive statistics of demographic chara

In 2016, the deaths of five children from diphtheria provoked an outcry among doctors and spurred calls for an edict by religious authorities to compel Muslim families to immunize their children. In relation to this issue, the Islamic Medical Association Malaysia (IMAM) has made a statement about a need to have the Malaysian children vaccinated as

Under the Malaysian Islamic Family law, reconciliation process for Muslim marriages is clearly stated in two different provisions; one, which is conducted by the reconciliatory committee and the other, is by the appointment of arbitration proceedings (tahkim) in the court. When divorce application is disputed by one of the parties or when the Shari