INTRODUCTION Little is known whether the duration of opioid use influences the concentrations of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. OBJECTIVES This study examined the plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, and anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in short, and long-term opioid users with non-cancer pain. METHOD Adult patients with

The Malaysian government introduced a cabotage policy in 1980 to protect and enhance the competitiveness of the Malaysian shipping industry. The policy requires all foreign vessels to unload at Port Klang, the designated national port, after which only Malaysian-flagged vessels can carry cargo to other ports in Malaysia. The policy was criticised f

This paper postulates that stickiness in terms of inability of practice or policy in implementing decisions and actions for optimum outcomes. Stickiness in the empowerment practice derived from the knowledge, skills, ability, and attitude of individuals or groups in allowing for independent, informed and integrated ability to make decisions and to

Gliclazide (1-(3,3a,4,5,6,6a-hexahydro-1H-cyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2-yl)-3-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylurea) is a second-generation sulfonylurea which is orally administered in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in adults. Sustain release drugs help to improve drugs bioavailability by controlling the time of drug release or prolonging

This paper reported the effect of different coupling ratio in continuous wave fiber laser in a ring cavity configuration. We tested coupling ratios of 5/95, 10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 40/60 and 50/50. The output power may vary depending on the ratio and may be apply to specific area that require either high or low output power. We also demonstrate the ge

This study examined the pre-oxidation of ammonium using a nanofiltration (NF) hollow fiber membrane module to provide an alternative to conventional partial nitrification preceding Anammox. A permeability study showed that NF membranes were suitable for use in the pre-oxidation of ammonium due to high ammonium fluxes across the membrane (low reject

This study focuses on decolorizing the thin film using sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to produce highly transparent chitin nanocomposite from chitin nanofiber. Preparation of the thin film from chitin extract of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) demonstrated in this study. Optimization of decolorization of chitin thin film in sodium hypochlorite (

This paper discusses the concept of human nature in Islam and in Confucianism. The researcher makes a comparison between the concept of fiṭrah in Islam and its relation to Islamic Ethics or ―good character‖, and the concept of ren xing or ―inherently good‖ of Confucianism. In order to explore both concepts vis-à-vis the human nature, the

In this paper, electrospinning was carried out to determine the optimum level for selected process parameters that produce poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) loaded agarwood branch ethanolic extract (ABEE) fiber mat which is potentially useful for wound healing application. The process parameters to optimize the fabrication of ABEE-loaded PVA fiber mats we

Medication errors can occur at any stage of medication administration includes: ordering, transcribing, dispensing, administering and also monitoring. The most common factors are physician communication, knowledge, attitude, and rights violations. However, some circumstances may increase the chance of their involvement in medication errors, especia