The order of community service is a fairly new concept in the criminal justice system in Malaysia. This order is a non-custodial punishment which acts as an alternative to the custodial punishment. Even though there are several existing legal provisions pertaining to community service in Malaysia, their application is still ambiguous particularly r

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The recent rapid evolution of new satellite services, including VSAT for internet access, LAN interconnection and multimedia applications, has triggered an increasing demand for bandwidth usage by satellite communications. However, these systems are susceptible to propagation effects that become significant as the frequency increases. Scintillation

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Modern advances in biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, genetics, biomedical engineering and material sciences, have contributed to the development of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). Although TERM is still in its initial phases, significant breakthrough in this crossdisciplinary area has clearly marked the way for the esta

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Articular cartilage has little capacity to repair itself. Any injury or degeneration of articular cartilage, be it a minor lesion may cause progressive damage and serious morbidity affecting people in every age group. In many cases, traditional surgical treatment has tasted its own success. However, tissue engineering has emerged as a potential tre

Among the key issues in higher education is that of graduate competencies. Policies and initiatives Efforts have been made by National Governments, agencies and Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs) to produce competent graduates for the world of the workplace through increasingly iimproved curricula, and other initiatives designed to promote the acq

The balanced scorecard (BSC) was introduced by Kaplan and Norton in 1992 as a result of a comprehensive study over a period of one year involving twelve companies which were deemed to be at the leading edge in performance measurement. Since then, the BSC has been regarded as an important managerial tool that enables a firm to translate its vision a