Restitution is based on the principle of “unjust enrichment”, which aims to reverse this enrichment. Unjust enrichment occurs when one party (plaintiff) confers a benefit to the other (defendant) due to some unfair factors, which enriches the second party at the expense of the first. Restitution is used to restore the plaintiff’s right to pre

The law of treaties is often equated by those unfamiliar with the subject with the national law of contracts. However, most analogies with contract law are misleading, particularly when analysing multilateral treaties, being treaties between more than two parties. With multilateral treaties, the rights and obligations of each party in respect of ea

The chapter presents a study that explored the perceptions of university students majoring in English language and literature at a Palestinian university towards Microsoft Teams (MST) during the war on Gaza that started on the seventh of October 2023. The study also sought to investigate the students' readiness and acceptance of Microsoft-based

The management of inheritance is among the things that need to be prioritised by the living to ensure that the estate shall be distributed accordingly to the deserved beneficiaries. Presently, a large part of Malaysian society recognises the significance of inheritance, with specific legal rules that governing Muslims and non-Muslim subjects. For M

Mediation is one of the Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) that emphasises a mutually agreeable resolution and incorporates a win-win situation between parties. Mediation is not a rare concept in Indonesia and Malaysia. People in Indonesia and Malaysia have long used mediation in their daily lives as mediation has been proven to be effective sinc

Despite the economic and environmental benefits of biodiesel, it poses significant challenges, including coking on metal surface and increased wear on diesel engine injector nozzles. Therefore, this study investigates the synthesis of niobium-doped diamond-like carbon (Nb-DLC) coatings on two types of injector nozzle materials (viz. H13 steel, AISI

The present study attempts to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the efficiency of rice production in Malaysia. The Cobb–Douglas stochastic production frontier function is used to estimate the production frontier ‘with’ and ‘without’ the environmental variables using primary data from the survey on farmers from two states

Terrorism generally involves the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in pursuit of political or religious goals. Terrorism is widely recognised as a threat aimed not only at undermining the stable system of peace and prosperity but also at destroying countries, cultures, and humanity as a whole. Sometimes, it go

Bab Enam menganalisis fenemona gerakan pelampau agama atau “religious extremism” di peringkat lokal dan antarabangsa. Bab ini dihasilkan oleh empat penulis iaitu Ahmad El-Muhammady, Danial Mohd Yusof, Khairul Akhtar Raja Mohd Naguib dan Asma Muhammad Uthman El-Muhammady. Dalam bab ini, penulis membincangkan enam perkara pokok. Pertama, pelampau

The objective of this study was to develop an efficient method for enhancing the production of bioethanol in a single-reactor system (SRS) by implementing acid–base pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis techniques, thereby eliminating differentiation and removal processes. The aim was to establish a process for bioethanol synthesis using hydrolyz