Sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 sehingga kini masyarakat Islam dalam negara ini amat berminat terhadap agama Islam. Ini menunjukkan masyarakat memperakui keindahan dan kesempurnaan ajaran Islam. Dalam suasana umat Islam terlalu ghairah membicarakan isu-isu Islam, terdapat sebilangan kecil golongan pendakwah mengambil kesempatan untuk memperkayakan dir

The terrorist attack on the Achille Lauro prompted the international community to adopt the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA) 1988, which established a legal basis for prosecuting maritime violence that did not fall within the piracy framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law

In the title compound, C14H18N2O3, the carboxylic group is tilted by 12.00 (4)° with respect to the mean plane throught the benzimidazole ring system. The alcohol and carboxyl hydroxy groups are involved in intermolecular O-HO and O-HN hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network extending parallel the ab plane. The network is further stabili

In this article, a wide-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) that operates in both C- and L-band wavelength regions is demonstrated. The amplifier employs two pieces of 1.5 m and 9 m-long erbium doped fibers (EDFs) optimized for C-band and L-band operations, respectively, in double-pass parallel configuration to achieve a wideband operation fro

In this paper, we proposed a flat-gain and wide-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) using two chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) in serial configuration for double-pass operation. The amplifier consists of two sections of Erbium-doped fiber (EDF) operating in C-band and L-band respectively. A CFBG is used in each section to reflect the amplifi

A wide-band and flat gain Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is demonstrated using a gain media of high concentration Silica-based erbium doped fiber (EDF). The amplifier has two stages comprising a 1.5 m and 9 m long EDF optimized for C-band and L-band operations respectively, in a double-pass series configuration. The CFBG is used in both stages

Although the right of hot pursuit is firmly established in international law, there exists much uncertainty over the precise boundaries of this rule. These uncertainties are particularly troublesome because they demand a delicate balancing of three imperatives of international law - state sovereignty, freedom of the seas, and enforcement of law and

Although numerous proposals of how to go about enforcing international human rights have been proposed in academic writings, the truth is that State sovereignty is still the main pillar of the international system. The natural consequence is the primacy of domestic enforcement. International enforcement, which is merely supplementary, is rather wea

Environment problem becomes an essential issue associated modern life in this century. Advancement in electronic production and cost reduction in the last few decades leads to rapid growing of computers and electronic productions (e-devices). This was associated with flood of advertisements which affect customer’s decision on buying new products

The advantages offered by Image Guided Surgery (IGS) to medical professionals during a minimally-invasive surgical operation are overwhelming. Although a sophistication growth in imaging techniques can provide the surgeon with high quality guidance but there is still a need for more improvement in IGS application such as: computational time which i