The objective of this chapter is to explain the concept of spherical earth and the data used is collected from reliable sources. The technique of Eratosthenes was used to measure the circumference of the earth, 200 years before Al Biruni. However, this chapter investigates the method used by AI-Biruni to find the earth's circumference and this

Herbs has long been traditionally proved as effective remedies in preventing and treating various microbial infectious diseases, such as ringworm, Athlete's foot, nail infections, scalp infections, vaginal and oral infections. The successful experience of using herbs as antimicrobial agents has been shared throughout generations and has guided

Various 4-oxygenated and 2-substituted 4-quinolone alkaloids with diverse structural types have been isolated and were found unique to the Rutaceae plant family. Some of these alkaloids have been demonstrated to have promising antimicrobial activity. These alkaloids possess chromophore with some structural similarities to that of the pharmacophore

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most widely used photocatalyst and has been applied for water and air purification and disinfection of microorganism. Anatase structured TiO2 is a wide bandgap (3.2 eV) semiconductor which, under UV light, is able to degrade chemicals and cell components of microorganisms. In this study, TiO2 nanopowder photocatalyst

Since mid-1980s, trade has been one of the main agenda among the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) member countries as a means towards achieving higher economic development. January 1st, 2009 has been declared as the target date for the establishment of the Trade Preferential System among the OIC countries, by which date intra-trade should b

This study investigates whether intra-ASEAN trade represents higher trade with efficient members (trade creating) or with inefficient members (trade diverting). Since ASEAN integration efforts are geared toward “open regionalism”, factors affecting both inter-industry and intra-industry trade at the disaggregated level are also identified. Usin

This paper examines the concept of acquired knowledge (‘ilm al-ÍuÎËlÊ) in the discourse of Muslim scholars in relation to the reforms made by many Muslim scholars and thinkers such as al-ShÉfi‘Ê (d.204/820), al-GhazÉlÊ (d. 505/1111) and al-DihlawÊ (d.1176/1762). Al-ShÉfi‘Ê contributed much to this field with his classification of k

This paper examines the concept of acquired knowledge (‘ilm al-ÍuÎËlÊ) in the discourse of Muslim scholars in relation to the reforms made by many Muslim scholars and thinkers such as al-ShÉfi‘Ê (d.204/820), al-GhazÉlÊ (d. 505/1111) and al-DihlawÊ (d.1176/1762). Al-ShÉfi‘Ê contributed much to this field with his classification of k

This study examines the case of the Bachelor of Economics curriculum at the International Islamic University Malaysia regarding the extent of the practice of pluralism in the quest to create better graduates professionally competent and imbued with ethical values. We conclude that the programme provides a 'model of integration' of knowledge

This paper studies the perceptions of Islamic bankers in Malaysia about the concept and operation of al-qard al-hasan. It is based on a questionnaire survey of 13 full-fledged Islamic banks in Malaysia to which there was a 46.9% response rate. The findings show that the Islamic bankers in Malaysia are familiar with al-qard al-hasan and that they ag