We reviewed the confidentiality and authentication for multi-party applications. A conceptual model of a secure multicast network has been presented by adding a quantum key distribution (QKD) network to its architecture. The model is divided into three phases, the first phase, QKD network generate secure keys to encrypt not only data but also authe

Airflow from convergent-divergent axi-symmetric nozzles expanded suddenly into circular duct of larger cross-sectional area than that of nozzle exit area are studied experimentally, focusing attention on the base pressure and the flow development in the enlarged duct. Micro-jets of 1 mm orifice diameter located at 900 intervals along a pitch circle

The rotary cranes (tower crane) main purpose in finding a proper control strategy to transport the loads from one location to another. The controlling approach should consider two main factors which are minimizing the moving time of the payload from the primary pick up point to the destination point and second, the oscillation of the payload must b

Instructional Technology (IT) research is fast moving towards innovation-based research as information and communication technology (ICT) continues to rapidly permeate the learning environments. Traditional bifurcation of quantitative and qualitative research has now been gradually blurred by dynamic approaches involving multiple techniques, solid

Occupational hearing loss continues to be among the 10 leading occupational diseases among industrial workers. Hearing loss is sensorineural hearing deficit that begins at higher frequencies (3 kHz to 6 kHz) and develop gradually as a results of excessive exposure of noise. A cross sectional study of hearing status among employees in Kuantan Munici

Labour is not and should not be treated as a commodity i.e., workers are not a disposable commodities who can be tossed aside and replaced with ease. All forms of exploitation of workers and abusive practices against workers in the workplace are prohibited by both the international and national instruments. The employment relationship is based on t

Abstract Labour productivity is one of the major tools in preparing an effective work program.As there is no principle on labour productivity being practiced in Malaysia for the preparation of work program, most of the construction planners are adopting the labour productivity data from other countries such as United Kingdom, United States. These l

The eminent thirteenth century /early–nineteenth century Damascene scholar Muhammad Amin ibn Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, better known as Ibn Abidin al-Shami especially in South Asian Hanafite circles, was an Alid sayyid descended from Ismail ibn Jafar al-sadiq. Born in 1198 AH /1784 CE in al-Qunawat quarter of the city of Damascus he took his early edu

The quantum key distribution (QKD) technique establishes secret keys shared between two communicating parties. Theoretically, unconditional security provided by QKD is guaranteed by the fundamental laws of quantum physics. in the real life, it is still possible to obtain unconditionally secure QKD, even with (phase randomized) attenuated laser puls

A method to estimate parameters of the decoy state method based on one decoy state protocol for both BB84 and SARG04 has been presented. This method has given different lower bound of the fraction of single-photon counts (y1), the fraction of two-photon counts (y2), the upper bound QBER of single -photon pulses (e1), the upper bound QBER of two-pho