Lightweight block cipher algorithms are vital for constrained environment. Substitution box (S-box) is the essential constituent of many lightweight block cipher algorithms and it is the only nonlinear part. It is proficient to create confusion in the plaintext during the process of encryption. In this research, a new way of key dependent S-box is

Cryptographic hash functions take an unfixed size of input and produce a fixed size of an output. A hash function is built using two main components: a compression function and mode of operation. Sponge construction is one of the main operations of modes used in modern cryptographic hash function today. In this paper, we present multicollisions att

Digital media manipulation has become easily performed at personal level with the rapidly growth of Technology. Presenting an issue of protecting digital media integrity. Watermarking has become a popular solution for copyright and integrity issues. This paper presents an invisible fragile watermarking technique for protecting the integrity of a PD

Lightweight block cipher algorithms are important for constrained environment. LBlock uses word permutation to do the diffusion while this research uses bit permutation to increase the number of active Substitution box (S-box). The number of active S-box is a regular method to evaluate the security against linear and differential attacks. The bit p

To the Editor. The Malaysian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (MADRAC) was established under the Drug Control Authority (DCA) to perform the function of pharmacovigilance for drugs registered for use in Malaysia. It became a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) Program for International Drug Monitoring in 1990.1 Although MADRAC ha

Sludge palm oil (SPO) was used to produce biodiesel by direct enzymatic transesterification using locally produced Candida cylindracea lipases from palm oil mill effluent (POME). The solvent system was investigated by comparing the effect of methanol and ethanol. The yield of biodiesel and conversion of free fatty acids (FFAs) into biodiesel for et

This paper assesses the volatility and cross country mean and volatility spillover effects of food prices within and across global and selected Asian and Pacific countries namely Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India and Thailand. The principal method of analysis comprises the development of a set of component GAR

Understanding the nature of volatility in commodity prices warrants adequate attention because such volatility is likely to lead to increased production, search and opportunity costs, as well as accelerate uncertainty and risk, contributing to a slowdown of economic activities. This study examines the asymmetry and persistency in the volatility of

The business of making goods in large quantities in factories, by and large, is considered to be a modern phenomenon. With the development of different types of advanced technology and machinery this phenomenon has been tremendously increased during last few decades all over the world. All these developments have led to decrease of the involvement

In order to perform duties excellently and deliver services to others efficiently and ethically, and to avoid inflicting of harms to them, specialists, employers, employees and workers of every profession must follow certain ethics. The profession of medical doctors is not an exception. Sometimes non-compliance of medical doctors with ethics causes