Methyl oleate, 1 was obtained from palm methyl esters through removal of saturated esters in a urea complex formation followed by silver nitrate impregnated silica gel column chromatography. The oleate was then reacted with 2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde 2, to form an aldol compound which, after lactonization, formation of tosylate and cycli

In this paper, the 1st and 2nd order gas-kinetic BGK scheme is developed and tested for its ability in solving the two-dimensional compressible inviscid flow fields. The BGK (Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook) scheme uses the collisional Boltzmann equation as the governing equation for flow evolutions. Second-order BGK scheme is also developed for flow simulat

An ad hoc Network is built on the fly where a number of mobile nodes work in cooperation without the engagement of any centralized access point or any fixed infrastructure. In this paper, we proposed an efficient routing protocol for ad hoc networks which we named as NAMP (Neighbor Aware Multicast Routing Protocol). NAMP aims at achieving higher pe

This paper presents the findings of a perception experiment that was conducted to examine the relative difficulty encountered by Malay speakers of English in contrasting voicing in word-final obstruents. The pairs of obstruents examined in the paper were /t/- /d/, /s/-/z/ and /f/-/v/. Results from the experiment are discussed in relation to the Per

Malaysia has enjoyed one of the least polluted urban environments in Asia. The goal of achieving industrial country status by the year 2020, and the associated rapid economic growth has started to impose costs in terms of industrial pollution and degradation of urban environment. This research employed contingent valuation method (CVM) to estimate

Ibn Khaldūn found a “causal determinative analytical tool” to explain development, progression and disintegration of ‘umrān (lit. culture). He argued that ‘umrān comes into existence as a result of five types of causes: (1) the “ultimate or first cause,” (2) final cause, (3) efficient cause, (4) formal cause, and (5) material cause.

This paper re-investigates the exports and economic growth nexus for Pakistan. The paper employs cointegration and multivariate Granger Causality Test [Toda and Yamamoto (1995)] to study the long-run and short-run dynamics among exports, imports, and real output growth over the 1960–2003 period. Results strongly support a long-run relationship am

Interconnection networks play a crucial role in the performance of massively parallel computers. Hierarchical interconnection networks provide high performance at low cost by exploring the locality that exists in the communication patterns of massively parallel computers. A Hierarchical Torus Network (HTN) is a 2D-torus network of multiple basic mo

We have developed a blood flow velocimeter to measure maximum blood flow velocity (MBFV) in carotid, brachial and femoral arteries simultaneously by using a Doppler ultrasound technique. This measurement system is based on a continuous wave Doppler ultrasound method with two semicircular piezoelectric (PZT) transducers, one continuously transmittin

This paper arises out of concern over the growing threat of fresh water shortages in Malaysia due to environmental pollution, and the pressing needs of ensuring that public rights to clean water are safeguarded and remedies be made available and accessible to them. Legal instrument has been known to be an important tool in providing the public a pl