This paper discusses the expansion of Prophet Muhammad’s Mosque in Madinah by the Umayyad Caliph al-Walid b. ‘Abd al-Malik. The undertaking is regarded as a microcosm of the evolution of Muslim architecture, which around that time was gaining momentum. The paper concludes that the Mosque expansion project was so multidimensional and two-edged t

This study aims to examine the phenomenon of outsourcing access to justice in the consumer goods and service industry. It is argued that one of the primary functions of any government is the provision of access to and delivery of justice. However, in the consumer goods sector, regulatory reforms have enabled the government to outsource this functio

This book discusses a conceptual framework for Islamic architecture which renders Islamic architecture such a unique subject and much different from other architectural expressions. The issues that form the cornerstones of the conceptual framework for Islamic architecture are dealt with in the paper. The issues discussed are: tawhid (the idea of Go

This study aims to examine the phenomenon of outsourcing access to justice in the consumer goods and service industry. It is argued that one of the primary functions of any government is the provision of access to and delivery of justice. However, in the consumer goods sector, regulatory reforms have enabled the government to outsource this functio

Bivalve, such as marsh clam (Polymesoda expansa) feed by filtering most of the suspended particle in water that surrounding them. Lots of elements being trap into their body via this feeding habit including pollutant such as trace metals. Unfortunately, these marsh clams were taken directly by human as their daily diet. Due to its ability to filter

A place-labelled Petri net controlled grammar is, in general, a context-free grammar equipped with a Petri net and a function which maps places of the net to productions of the grammar. The languages of place-labelled Petri net controlled grammar consist of all terminal strings that can be obtained by parallel application of the rules of multisets

A place-labelled Petri net (pPN) controlled grammar is a context-free grammar equipped with a Petri net and a function which maps places of the net to the productions of the grammar. The language consists of all terminal strings that can be obtained by simultaneously applying the rules of multisets which are the images of the sets of the input plac

In this paper, we present a modified Otsu’s algorithm for solving the automatic threshold estimation problem in energy detection based Cognitive Radio (CR) application. The modified algorithm was tested extensively and compared with other known algorithms using both simulated and real datasets. In particular, our findings reveal that the modified

The fruit of Dialium indum var. indum L. or locally known as ‘keranji’ from the family Fabaceae is one of the wild fruits of Malaysia. Measurement of in vitro antioxidant capacity and activity of various crude extracts and fractions of the fruit parts using total phenolic content (TPC), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), DPPH ra

Dialium indum var. indum L. (family Fabaceae) or keranji is a wild plant native to Southeast Asia. In Malaysia, the fruit has gained its popularity through its inclusion in a traditional Malay poem, namely pantun. To date however, the fruit of D. indum is considered as underutilized because its use is limited to consumption as seasonal sweets by th