Two experimental GIC-based root canal sealers were prepared for the purpose of the study with a main formula of boro tri-fluoro-alumino-silicate (BTFAS) for the test-1 and strontium fluoride SrF2 (99% BDH, Malaysia) for test-2. Ninety specimens of human sound teeth were embedded into an acrylic mould 4x4 cm. A conventional root canal preparation wi

Over the past decade, Malaysia has experienced a trend of rapid urbanization, with urban populations already represent over 60 percent of the total population. While urbanization is a natural consequence of economic development and industrialization, it does however lead to many challenges. One of which is the increasingly serious environmental pol

Malaysia being a maritime nation is well endowed with valuable resources found within her marine waters, notably that of oil and gas. These conventional sources of energy, which are being actively exploited, contribute significantly to the nation's economic growth and industrialization. However, in the context of marine protection, oil and gas

Malaysia being a maritime nation is well endowed with valuable resources found within her marine waters, notably that of oil and gas. These conventional sources of energy, which are being actively exploited, contribute significantly to the nation’s economic growth and industrialization. However, in the context of marine protection, oil and gas ac

This paper is based on a first-hand experience in implementing PBL for teaching Malaysian Legal System I for the first year undergraduates of the Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah of laws, IIUM during semester 1 2004-2005. This PBL was a first attempt where previously the subject was taught using the conventional lecture-tutorial methods. However, it is emph

The biodiversity of the world's oceans which constitutes more than 70 percent of the earth's surface is crucial for providing a broad and life-supporting range of ecosystem. Being a maritime nation, as well as one of the top biodiversity-rich countries in the world, it is important for Malaysia to give its full commitment in conserving her

Zinc based alloy is being proposed as an alternative material in metal based giftware industry. Most of the giftware is handmade using simple process such as casting, polishing and soldering. Soldering of commercial zinc alloy is difficult due to poor bonding between solder material and base metal. Therefore, development of casting material is nece

Dilated intercellular spaces (DIS) in prickle cell layers are considered as early signs of acid damage to the esophageal epithelium. In order to enter the mucosal intercellular spaces, acid and pepsin have to penetrate the intercellular adhesion sites of the most superficial epithelial cells. The aim of this study is to explore cellular attachments

Dilated intercellular space (DIS) is considered as early signs of acid damage to the esophageal epithelium. The diffusion of refluxed gastric acid into the intercellular space activates chemo sensitive nociceptors whose signals are transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain for symptom (heartburn) perception as well as initiated a short reflex ar

Environmental philosophy based on the Qur'an and Prophetic Traditions (Sunnah) is that there is a fundamental link and interdependency between all natural elements which is based on the premise that if man abuses or exhausts one element, the natural world as a whole will suffer direct consequences. The holistic principle of environmental manage