: A tunable up frequencies of microwave photonics based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) for application in radio over fiber is demonstrated. The experimental setup consists of 7.7 km dispersion compensated fiber, which acts as the nonlinear medium for generating the SBS and is pumped by a narrow linewidth (0.015 nm) tunable laser operating

A multi-wavelength Brillouin fibre laser (MBFL) with an ultra-wideband tuning range from 1420 nm to 1620 nm is demonstrated. The MBFL uses an ultra-wideband semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and a dispersion compensating fibre (DCF) as the linear gain medium and nonlinear gain medium, respectively. The proposed MBFL has a wide tuning range cove

Sband amplification is an important area of optical communications research, focusing on meet ing the everincreasing demands for traffic bandwidth as the C and Lbands approaches to their limits. In this paper a novel method of providing an Sband optical amplifier with a flat gainbandwidth is proposed. The proposed method utilizes a Depressed Claddi

Ankle fractures are commonly seen in orthopaedic practice. This retrospective study of patients with ankle fractures who underwent surgical treatment in our institution from January 2000 to December 2003 was undertaken to analyze the common causes and patterns of ankle fractures; and the functional outcome of operative treatment for these fractures

The main focus in this work is to highlight the detail knowledge concerning bone fractures and its treatments as explained by AI-Zahrawi from his observations and experiences. The significance of this chapter consists of descriptions in orthopaedic diagnosis and treatment by Al Zahrawi. The methodology adopted in this study is library based researc

All civilizations were related to mighty rivers: Euphrates, Nile, Indus, Oxus and the Hwang Ho. The earliest conception of paradise has the image of a river deeply embedded within it. This paper outlines the role played by river in the images of paradise as explained in the Quran and the traditions of the Prophet p.b.u.h. It also presented the exam

Steganography is the method of hiding data in such a way that no one, except the sender and the intended recipient, expects the existence of the hidden data. Thus the goal here is always to conceal the very existence of the secret data embedded in an innocent data in such a way that it will be undetectable, robust and the innocent data should be ab

Digital watermarking technique based on intermediate significant bit (ISB) has been discussed by this study. This technique can survive against different types of attacks and at the same time keep the quality of the image. In this study, two improvement stages were applied, repeating the embedding and watermark embedding based on the average of pix

The aim of this study is to develop a student's management system for primary schools, to provide Web-based Intelligence system for the primary school, and to offer convenience to the school's management in organizing the student's information and details. The system should be reliable to key in the student's information and must be

Multimedia courseware is a software developed for educational purposes. Nowadays, learning to speak more than two languages gives one a good edge over others. However, the main objective of this project is to create a courseware that helps user to learn three different languages at one time. This project is developed by improving the limitations of