Piper betle L. var. nigra or black betel (known as Sirih hitam in Indonesia) contains valuable secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, carotenoids, steroids and terpenoids. Black betel leaf extract has been shown to have antimicrobial activity thus there is a prospect to be developed as a promising herbal p

This paper presents a Kalman filter based approach in order to solve the problem of tracking a noisy cosinusoidal signal with constant amplitude in the presence of noise. The objective is to estimate the state of the signal accurately, considering the inherent challenges posed by noise corruption. The Kalman filter is utilized as the core algorithm

Lysosome is a primary degradative organelle and is crucial in cellular homeostasis. A reduction in its function due to ageing has been associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the deposition of neurotoxic amyloid plaque in the brain and cerebral vessel walls. The breakdown

According to United Nation, water crisis could affect 5 billion people by 2050 due to climate change, increased demand and polluted supplies. The main issue of the water crisis is rapid increasing of population and rapid urbanization; the water catchment area is decreasing due to deforestation for development. The aim of the project is to address t

Diamond, which is a type of carbon material, is an attractive reinforcement material for aluminium matrix composites due to its excellent properties such as high hardness, high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion. Diamond reinforced aluminium (diamond/Al) composite is a promising candidate material for applications of ther

Introduction: Spouse-inclusive intervention has been found effective to improve perinatal mental health, yet it was commonly delivered face-to-face, requires high commitment from spouses as well as healthcare professionals, therefore is not sustainable. While several digital applications demonstrate modest success in reducing the symptoms of depres

Traditional perspectives on industrial relations argued that the persistent competition among different entities, including workers, capitalists, bureaucrats, and authorities, with the goal of reducing operating costs while maximising financial profits. In contrast, Islamic values such as ukhuwwah (brotherhood), ‘adl (justice), and ihsan (benevol

This research explores the pivotal role of taqwa, an Islamic concept referring to God-consciousness, in bolstering the resilience of small businesses. Small businesses are susceptible to various external and internal challenges, making resilience a critical factor in their survival and growth. To investigate this relationship, personal interviews w

Introduction: mRNA vaccines have been developed as a promising cancer management. It is noted that specification of the antigen sequence of the target antigen is necessary for the design and manufacture of an mRNA vaccine. Areas covered: The steps involved in preparing the mRNA-based cancer vaccines are isolation of the mRNA cancer from the target

Imam al-Biqāʻī is one of the most prominent Quranic commentators who took care of the objectives of Quranic chapters and became the first scholar to draw attention to this science. Benefited from the science of the Quranic munāsabah, al-Biqāʻī analysed the objectives of the Quranic chapters in his books Naẓm al-Durar fī Tanāsub al-Āyāt