Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between corporate ownership structures and audit fees paid to external auditors by Malaysian companies listed on Bursa Malaysia. This study focuses on the extent of the auditor’s reliance on the client’s internal control inasmuch as the corporate ownership structures are vari

A Cryptographically Generated Address (CGA) is a self-certifying address that a node can generate when it joins a foreign network. Despite its advantages, generating CGAs is computationally expensive. This study examines the security and performance issues surrounding the CGA generation algorithm. It also scrutinizes the hash extension mechanism, d

Terrorism is nothing new in present situations all over the world. Though there are different political manipulations of its definition, terrorism is a menace that affects the whole world at large. Boko Haram, a terrorist group based mainly in Nigeria started its first attack in 2004, and it has since been responsible for thousands of deaths of bot

Adquisitorial is a concept that embodies the actuality of a fusion of two legal systems in order to achieve sustainable justice through the merging of best practices from the adversarial and inquisitorial methods of criminal procedure. There are some national courts and even international bodies such as the ICC that have started operating the adqui

Change is inevitable. This is especially true in our modern society where change occurs more rapidly than before. Change management has now become a critical part of any organization. Organizations that were world leaders five or six years ago are nowhere to be seen because they failed to adopt to change. However, adopting change is not an easy tas

This paper seeks to investigate the discourses of nationalism and national identity in the works of six Asian writers, three from South Asia and three from Southeast Asia. The South Asian writers to be discussed include Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941), Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain (1880-1932) and Kazi Nazrul Islam (1899-1976), while the Southeast Asian

When we look at the Qur’an (The religious text of the Muslim faith), we find detailed information about every aspect of human life. The Qur’an talks about science, social science, mathematics, psychology, business and many other fields of study. However, in this paper we are going to talk about something we often think has no relation to the Qu

The concept of data mining has been around for a while now. It is a process of extraction of useful patterns and information from huge data sets. Many tools and techniques have been developed to make use of the data mining concept in various industries. However before implementing data mining techniques or making any other key decision relating to

Mobile usage among university students is an essential part of a student’s life nowadays. Students accomplish various tasks on a daily basis using mobile devices. Contacting classmates, professors and friends is done regularly via mobile devices. However the way these tasks are accomplished has changed dramatically in the past five or six years.

The quality of drinking water is increasingly deteriorated as a result of anthropogenic activities. Pb contamination is frequently reported at the water sources, threatening its safety for human consumption. The application of plants as bioindicators emerges as a useful alternative to detect Pb contamination in drinking water. This study aims to se