In this article, a wide-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) that operates in both C- and L-band wavelength regions is demonstrated. The amplifier employs two pieces of 1.5 m and 9 m-long erbium doped fibers (EDFs) optimized for C-band and L-band operations, respectively, in double-pass parallel configuration to achieve a wideband operation fro

In this paper, we proposed a flat-gain and wide-band erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) using two chirped fiber Bragg grating (CFBG) in serial configuration for double-pass operation. The amplifier consists of two sections of Erbium-doped fiber (EDF) operating in C-band and L-band respectively. A CFBG is used in each section to reflect the amplifi

A wide-band and flat gain Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is demonstrated using a gain media of high concentration Silica-based erbium doped fiber (EDF). The amplifier has two stages comprising a 1.5 m and 9 m long EDF optimized for C-band and L-band operations respectively, in a double-pass series configuration. The CFBG is used in both stages

Although the right of hot pursuit is firmly established in international law, there exists much uncertainty over the precise boundaries of this rule. These uncertainties are particularly troublesome because they demand a delicate balancing of three imperatives of international law - state sovereignty, freedom of the seas, and enforcement of law and

Although numerous proposals of how to go about enforcing international human rights have been proposed in academic writings, the truth is that State sovereignty is still the main pillar of the international system. The natural consequence is the primacy of domestic enforcement. International enforcement, which is merely supplementary, is rather wea

Environment problem becomes an essential issue associated modern life in this century. Advancement in electronic production and cost reduction in the last few decades leads to rapid growing of computers and electronic productions (e-devices). This was associated with flood of advertisements which affect customer’s decision on buying new products

The advantages offered by Image Guided Surgery (IGS) to medical professionals during a minimally-invasive surgical operation are overwhelming. Although a sophistication growth in imaging techniques can provide the surgeon with high quality guidance but there is still a need for more improvement in IGS application such as: computational time which i

Higher education system is a driving factor for development. Knowledge seeking and education are essential acts in Muslims’ life. Having an efficient and effective engineering education in Islamic world is essential to graduate a qualified skilled engineers to lead development and bridging the gap (scientific, Industrial, economical, etc) with de

Medical emergency and healthcare applications holds several sensitive data that requires suitable security techniques to prevent it. Data security, privacy and confidentiality are sample of security used for such applications. To hide those sensitive data from unauthorized accesses, the data need to be encrypted with key which is hold by authorized

Two thermoelements are formed as walls of a micronozzle to perform heating-cooling on a gas flowing between them. The model of heat transfer by conduction opposites to Peltier effect is built, including Joule heating, Seebeck effect and heat dissipation to the flowing gas. A general energy equation of one-dimensional heat flow in a TE subjected to