Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) is a mathematical (signal processing) technique used to remove the redundancy from speech signals. To remove the redundancy from speech signal, is done in 1\vo stages, first stage is to remove short term correlations form the signal and the second is to remove long term correlations. The short term and long term redun

In standard Codebook Exited Linear Coding (CELP) the encoding method uses random values for excitation vectors. The excitation is modelled by the codebook. Each time a segment of speech is encoded and an excitation vector is matched to minimise the error between original and encoded signal to maintain quality of speech. This chapter narrates the CE

Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) is a concept used in some mobile standards, mostly in Groupe Special Mobile (GSM) systems. In DTX systems, Voice Activity Detection (VAD) and comfort noise are essential element. The usage of DTX in the systems allo\vs transmissions during activity periods and remains silent during non-activities. This chapter is de

This quantitative study discussed the recent developments in the field of educational supervision. The terms of reference and roles of supervisors were identified in their supervisory follow-up and participation in raising academic achievement, providing technical support to help teachers develop their performance. Where the first supervisors are a

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is a popular and valuable fruit in Malaysia. The present study aims to determine the proximate composition, mineral contents and functional properties of jackfruit seed powder (JSP) of Mastura cultivar and assess the toxicity of the jackfruit seed crude extract using embryonic zebrafish model. The proximate anal

This qualitative study aims at exploring the illness experiences of young Malay breast cancer patients in relation to the symptoms they suffered from. Thirteen young Malay breast cancer patients in Kuala Lumpur and several selected areas of Selangor were selected through purposive snowballing technique. In relation to this, an ethnographic fieldwor

Channel impairment due to the existence of noise and interference is a major problem in the communication system. To combat this problem, channel coding technique is often used. In this paper, Bit Error Rate (BER) performance is evaluated by a simulation in a MATLAB program using the linear (23,12) Golay Code with coded BPSK system for the fading c

A study on the alkaloidal composition on the Malaysian Annonaceae species, i.e Popowia perakensis King has been carried out. Barks of Popowia perakensis were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane and methanol, respectively. Dichloromethane extract further underwent the acid base treatment to give the alkaloidal crude extract. Isolation of compound

The convergence of Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and Information Communication Technology (ICT) allows the mobile and wireless application to be implemented in Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system. In addition to the advancement of cellular technology and spectrum refarming, GSM-based AMR system is continuously facing propagation cha

This paper investigates the aerodynamics of a circular plan form wing at high Reynolds numbers numerically. Commercial software STAR-CCM+ has been used for the study. The numerical results were presented in terms of flow visualization, pressure over the wing, velocity contour and streamlines, lift and drag coefficients for angle of attacks ranging