Pulse Residual Excited Linear Prediction (PRELP) is a variant ofCELP encoding algorithm. The PREP, as its name suggests, instead of codebook, use pulses in codebook. This method reduces the searching time for a matching pulse from the codebook. In this chapter, PRELP algorithm is explained along with the design ofsuch codebookSTATISTICAL TIMEDIVISI

The Multi-Pulse Residual Excitation (MP-PRE) is a modified version of PRELP. The design of MP-PRE considers that after short term and long term correlations yet some correlation exist over the onset and sudden transitional regions where the energy of the signal is rising. This chapter explains the MP-PRE algorithms ofencoding speech at low bit rate

In this study, the potential of cellulose isolation from the cortex, pith, and whole of the Pennisetum purpureum stem was explored. The cellulose was extracted using 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20% concentration of alkali followed by 1.7% concentration of sodium chlorite. The cortex and pith of Pennisetum purpureum were separated using a water retting proces

Based on rain gauge and radar measurements carried out in Malaysia and Amazon region (Brazil), this paper deals with the description of meteorological factors affecting the radio wave propagation in low latitude areas. As it will be shown along the paper, in spite of the large geographical separation between these two countries similar results have

This paper provides a historical perspective on communication studies in Malaysia since its beginning in 1970. Government policies and support in addition to institutional factors shaped the development of communication education in Malaysia. History is important for scholars of communication to understand the foundations and influences that have s

Multiplexing techniques are broadly classified as analogue and digital, digital being the latest. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Statistical TOM are most commonly used digital multiplexing techniques. The TOM is a detenninistic method of multiplexing various sources in pre-determined fixed slots. Statistical TDM, (STDM) uses dynamic method of

The main area of speech coding standards is digital telephone, cellular mobile digital radio, and satellite fixed, and mobile system. Various digital speech coding standards which are currently in use and others are being developed for such applications. Most of these standards are International Telecommunication Union (lTU) based recommendations,

All communication channels transmit infonnation fonn one user to another using channel bandwidth mostly measured in bits/second. With the advent of latest technological tools, the bandwidth efficiency of all the channels may be enhanced beyond their normal transmission capability; mean more bits can be transmitted through the same channel. Techniqu

In recent years much work has be concentrated on encoding speech. Various coding methods are developed such as Low-Delay Codebook Excited Linear Prediction (LD-CELP), Codebook Excited Linear Prediction (CELP), Pulse Residual Excited Linear Prediction (PRELP) and others. These encoders operate at very low bit rates (4.8Kbps) as well as maintained sp

In multiplexing many sources are combined in a common channel to maximise the bandwidth of the system. There can be many components of the STDM such as compressed speech sources at lower rates, voice activity detectors and lost frames reconstruction. This chapter briefly explains all three major components for the under lying multiplexer architectu