Vaccination has been practiced for hundreds of years, dating back to the 17th century. Throughout history, the mechanisms of vaccination have been studied, refined and improved into what we know vaccination to be today. However, the overall effect of vaccination may have on the homeostasis of the human immune system remains elusive. Vaccination aff

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease occuring worldwide caused by defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or most commonly both. Diabetes mellitus is probably the fastest growing metabolic disease in the world and as knowledge of the heterogeneous nature of the disease increases so does the need for more challenging and appropriate therap

Arabic for Islamic Studies (AFIS)is a compulsory course offered by the Department of Arabic Language & Literature (DALL) at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) to undergraduate students majoring in Islamic Revealed Knowledge & Heritage (IRKH) with different specializations (Fiqh and Usul Fiqh, Usuluddin and Dakwah, and Qur&

Background There is sufficient evidence to conclude that tobacco smoking is strongly linked to tuberculosis (TB) and a large proportion of TB patients may be active smokers. In addition, a previous analysis has suggested that a considerable proportion of the global burden of TB may be attributable to smoking. However, there is paucity of informatio

Objective. To implement and determine the effectiveness of an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) to assess fourth-year pharmacy students’ skills in a clinical pharmacy course. Design. A 13-station OSCE was designed and implemented in the 2007-2008 academic year as part of the assessment methods for a clinical pharmacy course. The br

The objective of this paper is to describe how a hybrid-OSCE was developed and applied to an undergraduate clinical pharmacy course as a pilot for assessing clinical competence in a Malaysian university; to present some of the instruments utilized for the conduct and assessment of the examination; and to evaluate the performance of the students in

In this paper, a new reliable algorithm based on an adaptation of the standard homotopy-perturbation method (HPM) is presented. The HPM is treated as an algorithm in a sequence of intervals (i.e. time step) for finding accurate approximate solutions to the famous Lorenz system. Numerical comparisons between the multistage homotopy-perturbation meth

In this paper we provide a detailed account of an ultra-wideband wavelength converter that shifts from 1310 to 1550 nm using a 1310 nm semiconductor optical amplifier as the nonlinear medium. The experimental approach uses an arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) as a method to slice the broadband output ASE of the 1310 nm SOA into multiple outputs at th

In this paper, the homotopy-perturbation method (HPM) is employed to obtain approximate analytical solutions of the Klein–Gordon and sine-Gordon equations. An efficient way of choosing the initial approximation is presented. Comparisons with the exact solutions, the solutions obtained by the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and the variational

In this paper, an analytical expression for the solution of the prey-predator problem by Modified homotopy-perturbation method (MHPM) is presented. The MHPM is treated as an algorithm for approximating the solution of the problem in a sequence of time intervals, \ie the classical HPM is converted into a hybrid numeric-analytic method called the mul