Disputes are inevitable and take place in all human societies. Hence, the Pushtoon community is not immune from having disputes at all levels among individuals, families, tribes, or even nations. The Pushtoon community has been using the Jirga system which is the oldest and still one of the typical dispute resolution mechanisms in the society. Alth

Resolving neighbourhood disputes in the community through amicable settlements has been in practice in different provinces of Pakistan in various forms such as Panchayat, Jirga, Faislo. Nevertheless, these traditional dispute settlement mechanisms do not exactly resemble the contemporary community mediation practices. Accordingly, this paper aims t

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea 2008 (‘the Rotterdam Rules’) facilitates modern alternatives and provides substantial changes to the Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules and the Hamburg Rules from various perspectives. Nonetheless, it is not yet in force to this day as maj

At the international level, conventions on the contracts for the carriage of goods by sea were gradually developed and four major legal regimes have emerged, namely, the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading 1924 (‘the Hague Rules’); the Hague Rules as Amended by the Brussels Protocol 1

التاريخ الإسلاميّ مصدرًا للإبداع المسرحيّ Islamic History ; Source of Play Writing يتناول المقال بدراسة عملية الكتابة الإبداعية وعلاقتها الوثيقة بالتاريخ الإسلاميّ والتي تتمثل في استلهام التاريخ الإسلاميّ ف

Bezerra et al. (2008) referred optimizing as a means to enhance the performance of a system or a process in order to acquire the maximum benefit from it. There are two ways how the performance of a system of process will be optimized. The common method is using classical method. Classical. optimization has been done by observing the influence of on

The beginning of 2019, marked yet a new navigation of IIUM as a ‘Community-Engaged University’ by announcing its endeavours towards a set of society-based designed programmes which opens its wings for the public involvement and placing stakeholders as the main beneficiary at its wake. Engaging with the immediate vision of the University, the Ku

Financing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is one of the most important mechanisms to boost eco- nomic growth in both developed and developing nations. The contributions of SMEs in many countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) have been overwhelming. SMEs improve job creation in all sectors of the economy and contribute to the people’s econom

There are two different approaches to the prophetic concern regarding debt acquisition and the related rulings. The Prophet (peace be upon him) was recorded as having discouraged debt while other verbal traditions provided guidelines on how to manage debt in a socially responsible manner. This paper aims to analyse these two contrary views accordin

The advent of Industrial revolution 4.0 has resulted in unprecedented use of financial technology (fintech) to facilitate, produce and/or deliver financial products. Fintech is used by technology start-ups and incumbent financial institutions in developing innovative financial products and services while leveraging on such technologies as artificia