Introduction: The pro-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-10 (IL-10)), are believed to play a key role in the pathophysiology of the chronic pain. Recent research highlights the potential role of these cytokines in modulating the analgesic effect of opioid in long-term users which may contrib

Introduction Inappropriate or irrational use of analgesics not only leads to increased morbidity and mortality rates and deterioration in quality of life, but can also give rise to misuse of health care resources and increase health care costs. Objective To address the trends of analgesics prescribing at outpatient tertiary hospital settings and ex

Volume three, the last of a three-volume work on natural science for secondary school students, consists of three chapters. CHAPTER 1 carries the theme "management of the environment, balance, sustainability and the continuity of life". It starts with an elaboration of biodiversity followed by the nature of interdependence among living thin

This book, the second of a three-volume work in natural science for secondary school students, consists of three chapters. Energy is that which stirs our world to life and is so much in demand today. "energy, dynamics and motion" is thus the theme of CHAPTER 1, which explores the various forms and sources of energy created by Allah the most

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate the hospitality services at the Kuala Lumpur International Airport 1 (KLIA 1). Specifically, it attempted to examine hospitality in Islamic law, the hospitality services offered at the airport and the extent to which they were in line with Maqasid al-Sharia (the intent of Islamic law). To achieve these objec

Propaganda has been one of the main issues and hot topics in Human Sciences that is of great concern in our contemporary world. The Elite and the Political leaders through the ages used all sorts of deceptions, manipulation and disinformation not only to propagate their agendas but also for easy control of the masses. Undoubtedly, there are many re

Malaysia is considered to be one of the most vibrant and creative Muslim countries in the world when it comes to promoting Islamic modernity. Its approach to good governance, especially in Islamic banking and finance, along with its successful administration of Islamic affairs and public welfare in general, is undeniable. However, its attention to

Purpose: To examine the trends of analgesic prescribing at public tertiary hospital outpatient settings and explore the patterns of their utilization in NSAIDs, tramadol and opioid patients. Patients and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from 2010 to 2016 using the prescription databases of two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia. Prescr

This study aimed to examine five pillars of Islam and their relationship with physical and spiritual health. The five pillars of Islam are the foundation of Muslim life, considered mandatory by believers, and Muslims are required to observe them with utmost dedication. They are summarized as Shahadah, Salah, Zakat Saum, and Hajj. he first pillar of

Simple, user-friendly, economical and rapid sensing devices are in urgent demand for diagnostics purposes especially in resource-limited countries. Diagnostics devices fabricated from patterning paper into hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions called paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) have been introduced. In this work, straight lin