Wa’ad or promise refers to undertaking by one party to do or not to do certain actions in future. Unlike a normal contract or `aqd, the rules governing wa`ad are less stringent as it is merely a promise thus is not binding. Under Shari’ah, due to the unilateral nature of the promise, the details of it are not as carved in stone as any other con

Small-medium businesses are highly viewed as crucial towards achieving a broader economic growth and development. Many support programmes have been introduced. Although there are as many as over 14 ministries and more than 36 government agencies and institutions that are involved in providing support programs out of which many focus specifically fo

Abstract—A new approach of an optimal 16-QAM modulation has been introduced to be used for both Fourier and wavelet based OFDM. The comparison between circular and square 16- QAM is included. It is shown that the power consumption of circular is better than the square by 0.5359 W or -2.71 dB for the same minimum distance 2d. Simulation works for

This study examines the performance of a few option pricing models with transaction costs in valuing call options on S&P/ASX 200 index. The option pricing models of the original Leland model as well as its two variations are tested and contrasted with the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model across moneyness and maturity. Our empirical results reve

This study examines the pricing performance of a few option pricing models in valuing call options on S&P/ASX 200 index with different transaction costs under various trading frequencies. The option pricing models of the original Leland model as well as its two variations are tested and contrasted with the Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM) model acros

Background: Organophosphate (OP) is one of the widely used pesticides worldwide. It has been shown to induce oxidative stress in both animal and human. Oxidative stress may stimulate the oxidation of lipoprotein particularly the low density-lipoprotein (LDL) which is known to promote atherogenesis. PON1 is high density-lipoprotein (HDL) related enz

In 2006 Malaysia introduced PFI. This paper provides an update on the Malaysian PFls and reports on the findings of a survey to identify competencies and to ascertain whether key players of the Malaysian Construction Industry possess those competencies in the provision of PFI services. In terms of an update on the current state of the Malaysian PFl

Although the conventional architectural educational approach has been used by most schools of architecture for more than a hundred years, and recognised by scholars as being a “good” experiential learning method, it is also criticised as having a weakness and its irrelevancy to the current architectural education is being harrowing. Through dec

In view of the increasing interests on the Islamic stock markets as a potential avenue for portfolio diversification, this study is indeed timely to assess the degree of integration among five major Islamic stock markets, namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan, the UK and the US. It also attempts to empirically explore the nature of the long-run equilib

DNA sequence similarity search is an important task in computational biology applications. Similarity search procedure is executed by an alignment process between query and targeted sequences. An optimal alignment process based on the dynamic programming algorithms has shown to have O(n m) time and space complexity. Heuristics algorithms can proces