Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) is a substance used in a finished pharmaceutical product, intended to furnish pharmacological activity or contribute direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease. It also provides a direct effect in restoring, correcting or modifying physiological functions in human bein

All carotenoids originate from a single, common precursor, phytoene. The colour of carotenoids is determined by desaturation, isomerization, cyclization, hydroxylation and epoxidation of the 40-carbon phytoene. The conjugated double-bond structure and nature of end ring groups confer on the carotenoids properties such as colour and antioxidant acti

Landfilling is more preferable in Malaysia compared to another disposal method due to low cost, and availability of land. Other than solid waste, the percolation of water into the landfill leads to leachate formation. The migration of waste in leachate form may accelerate the heavy metal contamination of the soil one of the major concerns in landfi

The homestay programme in Malaysia was first introduced in 1988 by the Ministry of Tourism as to match the demand of an emerging tourist segment and the alternatives for tourist of those who travel in the quest for the experience that enhances knowledge. Homestay can be defined as one type of lodging that the tourists share with the homeowner with

Blue green algae (cyanobacteria) which known for its vibrant bluish green basically contains, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and a number of yellow pigments, mainly carotenoids. The same species of blue green algae may vary in colour depending on the surrounding condition. The main issue that researcher want to address through this research is unclear

Weeds are diverse in their habit and habitats throughout the world. In landscape management, weeds are of concern because they compete with other plants for growth factors. Modern management nowadays relies on the importance of synthetic chemicals to control weeds as unwanted plants in order to reduce the weed management cost. The use of herbicides

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical model that integrates various dimensional factors which influence decision-making process of class selection and enrolment, analysing different angles of this process and explaining those factors which determine students’ decision. Design/methodology/approach – This study uses qu

The substantial cost reduction and massive production of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data have contributed to the progress in the rapid growth of metagenomics. However, production of the massive amount of data by NGS has revealed the challenges in handling the existing bioinformatics tools related to metagenomics. Therefore, in this research w

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extract, characterise and quantify curcumin from selected Zingiberaceae of “kunyit” or turmeric (Curcuma longa), “temu lawak” or Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), “temu pauh” (Curcuma mangga), “lempoyang” (Zingiber zerumbet) and “bonglai” (Zingiber cassumunar) using alkaline an

The soil is a transmitted agent of water run-off to the water body. Variety of soil type in Malaysia has contributed to the difference of soil properties dissolved in the water and the concern of soil problem in Malaysia involving from laterite, sandy, acid sulfate and organic soil type. Soil properties are one of the subjects of impacting the hydr